山东女子学院学报

适度提升生育率已成为我国推动人口高质量发展面临的迫切任务，而促进农村人口自然增长更是重中之重。1949年以来中国城乡人口数增减分化情况显示，农村人口数先增后减，而城镇人口数持续增加且增速加快，目前城镇人口数已达农村人口数的2倍之多。城乡人口数增减分化导致农村育龄女性群体呈现显著的规模收缩与年龄结构老化趋势，严重削弱了农村人口数自然增长的根基。在“晚育”与“分散”并存的现代生育图景下，农村少子化问题尤为突出。尽管释放农村生育潜力具有观念基础与成本优势，但仍面临政策忽视和服务供给不足等问题。由此，应在基础收缩、约束更强的环境下，通过制度创新和资源倾斜，重振农村生育水平、促进农村人口数自然增长。

Moderately increasing the fertility rate has become an urgent task for the high-quality development of China's population, and promoting the natural growth of rural population is of paramount importance.This paper first analyzes the differentiation of population increase and decrease between urban and rural areas in China since 1949.It is found that the rural population increased first and then decreased, while the urban population continued to increase and the growth rate accelerated.The urban population is now more than twice that of the rural population.Secondly, the differentiation between the increase and decrease of the urban and rural population has led to a significant trend of scale contraction and aging of the structure among rural women of childbearing age, seriously weakening the foundation for the natural growth of the rural population.In the modern reproductive landscape where “late childbearing” and “dispersion” coexist, the problem of low birth rate in rural areas is prominent.Although the release of rural fertility potential has a conceptual basis and cost advantage, it is confronted with problems such as policy neglect and insufficient service supply.In this regard, this article puts forward specific suggestions for revitalizing the rural fertility level and promoting the natural growth of the rural population through institutional innovation and resource inclination under an environment of basic contraction and stronger constraints.