山东女子学院学报

朱迪斯·巴特勒的性别操演理论源于对传统性别理论的批判性反思，主张性别和主体是在特定历史语境下，经由社会规范和话语实践的持续作用而动态建构的。性别操演理论蕴含着实践性、动态性、重复性与开放性四个维度。实践性维度聚焦制度性话语对性别主体的形塑机制，强调语言符号系统的奠基性作用；动态性维度强调性别身份并非一成不变，而是具有显著的流动性和可变性；重复性维度表明性别操演依赖于在特定语境中的重复征引；开放性维度则指出个体对性别规范的偏离能够创造全新的性别表达形式。这四个维度共同推动了单一主体向多元主体的转变。从巴特勒的理论建构来看，酷儿理论是其性别操演理论的重要延伸，它反对主流文化对性别的规训，关注种族、阶级与性别的交叉影响，试图为弱势群体的反抗提供有力的理论工具。总之，从女性主义的发展脉络来看，巴特勒的性别理论突破了传统女性主义的局限，推动了性别理论向更包容方向的发展，为理解性别与权力关系、促进社会平等提供了新视角。

Judith Butler's gender performativity theory stems from a critical reflection on traditional gender theories, advocating that gender and subjectivity are dynamically constructed through the continuous influence of social norms and discursive practices within specific historical contexts. The theory encompasses four dimensions: practicality, dynamics, repetition, and openness. The practical dimension focuses on the shaping mechanism of institutional discourse on gender subjects, emphasizing the foundational role of the language symbol system; the dynamic dimension highlights that gender identity is not static but highly fluid and variable; the repetitive dimension indicates that gender performativity relies on repeated citation in specific contexts; and the open dimension suggests that deviations from gender norms by individuals can create new forms of gender expression. These four dimensions collectively drive the transformation from a single subject to multiple subjects. From the perspective of Butler's theoretical framework, queer theory serves as a significant extension of her theory of gender performativity. It resists the disciplining of gender by mainstream culture, focuses on the intersecting influences of race, class, and gender, and attempts to provide a robust theoretical tool for the resistance of marginalized groups. In summary, within the developmental trajectory of feminism, Butler's gender theory transcends the limitations of traditional feminism, promotes the evolution of gender theory toward greater inclusivity, and offers new perspectives for understanding the relationship between gender and power, as well as for advancing social equality.